The Story The first traces of Lefkosia’s existence date back to 2500 BC. Its earliest recorded mention appears on a clay prism from 672 BC, where it was named “Lidr.” It was later renamed “Lidra” and became one of the 12 Cypriot kingdoms founded by the Greek Achaeans after the Trojan War. In late antiquity, the city was known as “Leukothéon,” or “City of the White Gods,” a name that evolved into Lefkosia, while the Latinised “Nicosia” appeared under the Lusignans. Situated between the Troodos and Pentadaktylos mountains and developing around the Pedieos River, its inland position offered security from coastal invaders. During the period of Byzantine rule, Lefkosia was declared the island’s capital, becoming an important administrative and military centre. Under the Lusignans, Lefkosia flourished with the construction of palaces and churches. The Venetians later constructed the star-shaped walls. Τhe Ottomans captured the city in 1570 and their rule left behind mosques and baths, reshaping the city’s identity. During the period of British rule in 1878, the city expanded beyond the Venetian Walls. Following independence in 1960, Lefkosia became the capital of the Republic of Cyprus. In 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus and occupied 37% of the island’s territory. Lefkosia became Europe’s last divided capital, split by the Green Line; a physical division known also as the buffer zone. Architecture The architecture of the buildings in Lefkosia within the Walls narrates the capital’s long history. Within the Mediaeval Venetian Walls, there are ancient ruins and Gothic churches from the Lusignan era that were later converted into mosques. Examples include the Cross of Misirikkos in Plateia Faneromenis (Square). There are also buildings with coats of arms engraved in sandstone and houses featuring arches and wooden balconies. Neoclassical mansions from the 19th century stand alongside British colonial public buildings, with the date of construction elaborately carved into the iron door decoration. This mosaic of architecture, interwoven with Lefkosia’s history, has long been home to artists and craftsmen. Beautifully restored houses now attract residents returning to the city within the Walls. EU Funding Following the Turkish invasion of 1974, Lefkosia within the Walls struggled to survive. Cyprus’ accession to the European Union in 2004 provided the island, its capital, as well as the walled city with the opportunity to benefit from funding for development projects, including infrastructure and urban regeneration. European funding helped regenerate and revitalise Lefkosia within the Walls. Examples include the Regeneration & Revitalisation of the Lefkosia Inner City, the Inner Perimeter Redevelopment – Phase A (including Konstantinou Palaiologou Street along the Walls) and Creative Nicosia, which supports creative industries. 11 Venetian Walls
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