127 Annual Report 2021 Financial assets - Recognition and derecognition All purchases and sales of financial assets that require delivery within the time frame established by regulation or market convention ("regular way" purchases and sales) are recorded at trade date, which is the date when the Authority commits to deliver a financial instrument. All other purchases and sales are recognised when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Authority has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. Financial assets - Measurement At initial recognition, the Authority measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at FVTPL are expensed in profit or loss. Fair value at initial recognition is best evidenced by the transaction price. A gain or loss on initial recognition is only recorded if there is a difference between fair value and transaction price which can be evidenced by other observable current market transactions in the same instrument or by a valuation technique whose inputs include only data from observable markets. Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest. Financial assets - impairment - credit loss allowance for ECL The Authority assesses on a forward-looking basis the ECL for debt instruments (including loans) measured at amortised cost and FVOCI and exposure arising from loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. The Authority measures ECL and recognises credit loss allowance at each reporting date. The measurement of ECL reflects: (i) an unbiased and probability weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, (ii) time value of money and (iii) all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost and effort at the end of each reporting period about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future conditions. The carrying amount of the financial assets is reduced through the use of an allowance account, and the amount of the loss is recognised in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income within "net impairment losses on financial and contract assets. Subsequent recoveries of amounts for which loss allowance was previously recognised are credited against the same line item. Debt instruments carried at amortised cost are presented in the statement of financial position net of the allowance for ECL. For loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, a separate provision for ECL is recognised as a liability in the statement of financial position. For debt instruments at FVOCI, an allowance for ECL is recognised in profit or loss and it affects fair value gains or losses recognised in OCI rather than the carrying amount of those instruments. The impairment methodology applied by the Authority for calculating expected credit losses depends on the type of financial asset assessed for impairment. Specifically: For trade receivables and contract assets, including trade receivables and contract assets with a significant financing component, and lease receivables the Authority applies the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9, which requires lifetime expected credit losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the financial assets. For all other financial instruments that are subject to impairment under IFRS 9, the Authority applies general approach - three stage model for impairment. The Authority applies a three stage model for
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