European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21 st century „ Page 8 — In the early 20th century, the Austrian Aloïs Riegl put forward a proposed typology of monuments in accordance with a series of values he attached to them. He emphasised the concepts of protection, conser- vation and restoration. These principles went on to be incorporated into all European countries’ national legislation, a legacy which benefits Council of Europe member States. — In 1931, the 1st International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, held in Athens, adopted a founding charter (the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments), which asserted the principles already set out by Riegl. It recommended that any use of monuments should respect their historic or artistic nature and that special consideration should be given to monuments and their sur- roundings when any development is planned. It also emphasised the importance of collaboration between curators, architects and scientists and finally called for international co-operation, a first in the field of the “artistic and archaeological heritage”. The particular context of the post-war period and the work carried out by UNESCO to save iconic sites throughout the world prompted these specialists and their successors at the 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, held in Venice in 1964, to set up, based on a proposal from UNESCO, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). This 2nd Congress adopted 13 resolutions, the first being the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, better known as the Venice Charter. — In the 1970s, the term “cultural heritage” replaced the expression “historic monument” which was henceforth reserved for legally protected assets. This change, encompassing a significant enlargement of the concept, took place in a socio-economic, political and cultural context which coincided with the 1973 oil crisis and profound changes in lifestyles. The Convention concerning the Protection of theWorld Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, 1972) and the European Architectural Heritage Year, based on the slogan“A future for our past” (Council of Europe, 1975), were key features of this change. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 transformed borders and created new shared spaces. — On the strength of its experience resulting from 40 years of discussions and exchanges between ex- perts and political representatives, the Council of Europe has drawn up and, once adopted, implemented several founding conventions which have been transposed into national legislation of European countries, creating the foundations of a greater Europe of heritage: „ the European Cultural Convention (Paris, 1954 - ETS No. 18); „ the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (Granada, 1985 - ETS No. 121); „ the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (revised) (Valletta, 1992 - ETS No. 143); „ the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000 - ETS No. 176); „ the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro, 2005 - CETS No. 199). — These conventions have become reference texts and have been supplemented by a range of declara- tions, recommendations and resolutions. 4 — The European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st century is the heir to this whole tradition of re- flection, sharing and co-operation which has been strengthened over the last 40 years. The issues occupying us at the beginning of this 21st century are no longer why or how we should preserve, restore and enhance our heritage, but rather: “Who should we be doing this for?” This is the very rationale of the Faro Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society which underpins the entire process of the European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st century. 4. Available at: www.herein-system.eu/council-europe.